- What Is The Shortcut For Python In Editor In Mac
- What Is The Shortcut For Python In Editor In Mac Terminal
IDLE is Python’s Integrated Development and Learning Environment.
Shortcut Pages by Category. Group: Adobe Creative Suite, GNOME, Google Docs, Apple iWork, Mac built-in Apps, Microsoft Dynamics, Microsoft Office. [Add Shortcut Page to Category 'Python Editor'] Shortcuts published under Creative Common License where possible. For example, I’m going to make an alias that will allow me to quickly open a note taking file I use for learning more Python (By the way, they’re just an example of lines of Python code in those notes.). Decide on the alias command you want to create. To access my Python notes, I’d like to call it pynotes.
IDLE has the following features:
coded in 100% pure Python, using the
tkinterGUI toolkitcross-platform: works mostly the same on Windows, Unix, and Mac OS X
Python shell window (interactive interpreter) with colorizingof code input, output, and error messages
multi-window text editor with multiple undo, Python colorizing,smart indent, call tips, auto completion, and other features
search within any window, replace within editor windows, and searchthrough multiple files (grep)
debugger with persistent breakpoints, stepping, and viewingof global and local namespaces
configuration, browsers, and other dialogs
24.6.1. Menus¶
IDLE has two main window types, the Shell window and the Editor window. It ispossible to have multiple editor windows simultaneously. Output windows, suchas used for Edit / Find in Files, are a subtype of edit window. They currentlyhave the same top menu as Editor windows but a different default title andcontext menu.
IDLE’s menus dynamically change based on which window is currently selected.Each menu documented below indicates which window type it is associated with.
24.6.1.1. File menu (Shell and Editor)¶
Create a new file editing window.
Open an existing file with an Open dialog.
Open a list of recent files. Click one to open it.
Open an existing module (searches sys.path).
Show functions, classes, and methods in the current Editor file in atree structure. In the shell, open a module first.
Show sys.path directories, modules, functions, classes and methods in atree structure.
Save the current window to the associated file, if there is one. Windowsthat have been changed since being opened or last saved have a * beforeand after the window title. If there is no associated file,do Save As instead.
Save the current window with a Save As dialog. The file saved becomes thenew associated file for the window.
Save the current window to different file without changing the associatedfile.
Print the current window to the default printer.
Close the current window (ask to save if unsaved).
Close all windows and quit IDLE (ask to save unsaved windows).
24.6.1.2. Edit menu (Shell and Editor)¶
Undo the last change to the current window. A maximum of 1000 changes maybe undone.
Redo the last undone change to the current window.
Copy selection into the system-wide clipboard; then delete the selection.
Copy selection into the system-wide clipboard.
Insert contents of the system-wide clipboard into the current window.
The clipboard functions are also available in context menus.
Select the entire contents of the current window.
Open a search dialog with many options
Repeat the last search, if there is one.
Search for the currently selected string, if there is one.
Open a file search dialog. Put results in a new output window.
Open a search-and-replace dialog.
Move cursor to the line number requested and make that line visible.
Open a scrollable list allowing selection of keywords and attributes. SeeCompletions in the Tips sections below.
Expand a prefix you have typed to match a full word in the same window;repeat to get a different expansion.
After an unclosed parenthesis for a function, open a small window withfunction parameter hints.
Highlight the surrounding parenthesis.
24.6.1.3. Format menu (Editor window only)¶
Shift selected lines right by the indent width (default 4 spaces).
Shift selected lines left by the indent width (default 4 spaces).
Insert ## in front of selected lines.
Remove leading # or ## from selected lines.
Turn leading stretches of spaces into tabs. (Note: We recommend using4 space blocks to indent Python code.)
Turn all tabs into the correct number of spaces.
Open a dialog to switch between indenting with spaces and tabs.
Open a dialog to change indent width. The accepted default by the Pythoncommunity is 4 spaces.
Reformat the current blank-line-delimited paragraph in comment block ormultiline string or selected line in a string. All lines in theparagraph will be formatted to less than N columns, where N defaults to 72.
Remove any space characters after the last non-space character of a line.
24.6.1.4. Run menu (Editor window only)¶
Open or wake up the Python Shell window.
Check the syntax of the module currently open in the Editor window. If themodule has not been saved IDLE will either prompt the user to save orautosave, as selected in the General tab of the Idle Settings dialog. Ifthere is a syntax error, the approximate location is indicated in theEditor window.
Do Check Module (above). If no error, restart the shell to clean theenvironment, then execute the module. Output is displayed in the Shellwindow. Note that output requires use of print or write.When execution is complete, the Shell retains focus and displays a prompt.At this point, one may interactively explore the result of execution.This is similar to executing a file with python-ifile at a commandline.
24.6.1.5. Shell menu (Shell window only)¶
What Is The Shortcut For Python In Editor In Mac
Scroll the shell window to the last Shell restart.
Restart the shell to clean the environment.
Stop a running program.
24.6.1.6. Debug menu (Shell window only)¶
Look on the current line. with the cursor, and the line above for a filenameand line number. If found, open the file if not already open, and show theline. Use this to view source lines referenced in an exception tracebackand lines found by Find in Files. Also available in the context menu ofthe Shell window and Output windows.
When activated, code entered in the Shell or run from an Editor will rununder the debugger. In the Editor, breakpoints can be set with the contextmenu. This feature is still incomplete and somewhat experimental.
Show the stack traceback of the last exception in a tree widget, withaccess to locals and globals.
Toggle automatically opening the stack viewer on an unhandled exception.
24.6.1.7. Options menu (Shell and Editor)¶
Open a configuration dialog and change preferences for the following:fonts, indentation, keybindings, text color themes, startup windows andsize, additional help sources, and extensions (see below). On OS X,open the configuration dialog by selecting Preferences in the applicationmenu. To use a new built-in color theme (IDLE Dark) with older IDLEs,save it as a new custom theme.
Non-default user settings are saved in a .idlerc directory in the user’shome directory. Problems caused by bad user configuration files are solvedby editing or deleting one or more of the files in .idlerc.
Open a pane at the top of the edit window which shows the block contextof the code which has scrolled above the top of the window.
24.6.1.8. Window menu (Shell and Editor)¶
Toggles the window between normal size and maximum height. The initial sizedefaults to 40 lines by 80 chars unless changed on the General tab of theConfigure IDLE dialog.
The rest of this menu lists the names of all open windows; select one to bringit to the foreground (deiconifying it if necessary).
24.6.1.9. Help menu (Shell and Editor)¶
Display version, copyright, license, credits, and more.
Display a help file for IDLE detailing the menu options, basic editing andnavigation, and other tips.
Access local Python documentation, if installed, or start a web browserand open docs.python.org showing the latest Python documentation.
What Is The Shortcut For Python In Editor In Mac Terminal
Run the turtledemo module with example python code and turtle drawings.
Additional help sources may be added here with the Configure IDLE dialog underthe General tab.
24.6.1.10. Context Menus¶
Open a context menu by right-clicking in a window (Control-click on OS X).Context menus have the standard clipboard functions also on the Edit menu.
Copy selection into the system-wide clipboard; then delete the selection.
Copy selection into the system-wide clipboard.
Insert contents of the system-wide clipboard into the current window.
Editor windows also have breakpoint functions. Lines with a breakpoint set arespecially marked. Breakpoints only have an effect when running under thedebugger. Breakpoints for a file are saved in the user’s .idlerc directory.
Set a breakpoint on the current line.
Clear the breakpoint on that line.
Shell and Output windows have the following.
Same as in Debug menu.
24.6.2. Editing and navigation¶
In this section, ‘C’ refers to the Control key on Windows and Unix andthe Command key on Mac OSX.
Backspace deletes to the left; Del deletes to the right
C-Backspace delete word left; C-Del delete word to the right
Arrow keys and Page Up/Page Down to move around
C-LeftArrow and C-RightArrow moves by words
Home/End go to begin/end of line
C-Home/C-End go to begin/end of file
Some useful Emacs bindings are inherited from Tcl/Tk:
C-a beginning of line
C-e end of line
C-k kill line (but doesn’t put it in clipboard)
C-l center window around the insertion point
C-b go backward one character without deleting (usually you canalso use the cursor key for this)
C-f go forward one character without deleting (usually you canalso use the cursor key for this)
C-p go up one line (usually you can also use the cursor key forthis)
C-d delete next character
Standard keybindings (like C-c to copy and C-v to paste)may work. Keybindings are selected in the Configure IDLE dialog.
24.6.2.1. Automatic indentation¶
After a block-opening statement, the next line is indented by 4 spaces (in thePython Shell window by one tab). After certain keywords (break, return etc.)the next line is dedented. In leading indentation, Backspace deletes upto 4 spaces if they are there. Tab inserts spaces (in the PythonShell window one tab), number depends on Indent width. Currently, tabsare restricted to four spaces due to Tcl/Tk limitations.
See also the indent/dedent region commands in the edit menu.
24.6.2.2. Completions¶
Completions are supplied for functions, classes, and attributes of classes,both built-in and user-defined. Completions are also provided forfilenames.
The AutoCompleteWindow (ACW) will open after a predefined delay (default istwo seconds) after a ‘.’ or (in a string) an os.sep is typed. If after oneof those characters (plus zero or more other characters) a tab is typedthe ACW will open immediately if a possible continuation is found.
If there is only one possible completion for the characters entered, aTab will supply that completion without opening the ACW.
‘Show Completions’ will force open a completions window, by default theC-space will open a completions window. In an emptystring, this will contain the files in the current directory. On ablank line, it will contain the built-in and user-defined functions andclasses in the current namespaces, plus any modules imported. If somecharacters have been entered, the ACW will attempt to be more specific.
If a string of characters is typed, the ACW selection will jump to theentry most closely matching those characters. Entering a tab willcause the longest non-ambiguous match to be entered in the Editor window orShell. Two tab in a row will supply the current ACW selection, aswill return or a double click. Cursor keys, Page Up/Down, mouse selection,and the scroll wheel all operate on the ACW.
“Hidden” attributes can be accessed by typing the beginning of hiddenname after a ‘.’, e.g. ‘_’. This allows access to modules with__all__ set, or to class-private attributes.
Completions and the ‘Expand Word’ facility can save a lot of typing!
Completions are currently limited to those in the namespaces. Names inan Editor window which are not via __main__ and sys.modules willnot be found. Run the module once with your imports to correct this situation.Note that IDLE itself places quite a few modules in sys.modules, somuch can be found by default, e.g. the re module.
If you don’t like the ACW popping up unbidden, simply make the delaylonger or disable the extension.
24.6.2.3. Calltips¶
A calltip is shown when one types ( after the name of an accessiblefunction. A name expression may include dots and subscripts. A calltipremains until it is clicked, the cursor is moved out of the argument area,or ) is typed. When the cursor is in the argument part of a definition,the menu or shortcut display a calltip.
A calltip consists of the function signature and the first line of thedocstring. For builtins without an accessible signature, the calltipconsists of all lines up the fifth line or the first blank line. Thesedetails may change.
The set of accessible functions depends on what modules have been importedinto the user process, including those imported by Idle itself,and what definitions have been run, all since the last restart.
For example, restart the Shell and enter itertools.count(. A calltipappears because Idle imports itertools into the user process for its own use.(This could change.) Enter turtle.write( and nothing appears. Idle doesnot import turtle. The menu or shortcut do nothing either. Enterimportturtle and then turtle.write( will work.
In an editor, import statements have no effect until one runs the file. Onemight want to run a file after writing the import statements at the top,or immediately run an existing file before editing.
24.6.2.4. Python Shell window¶
C-c interrupts executing command
C-d sends end-of-file; closes window if typed at a
>>>promptAlt-/ (Expand word) is also useful to reduce typing
Command history
Alt-p retrieves previous command matching what you have typed. OnOS X use C-p.
Alt-n retrieves next. On OS X use C-n.
Return while on any previous command retrieves that command
24.6.2.5. Text colors¶
Idle defaults to black on white text, but colors text with special meanings.For the shell, these are shell output, shell error, user output, anduser error. For Python code, at the shell prompt or in an editor, these arekeywords, builtin class and function names, names following class anddef, strings, and comments. For any text window, these are the cursor (whenpresent), found text (when possible), and selected text.
Text coloring is done in the background, so uncolorized text is occasionallyvisible. To change the color scheme, use the Configure IDLE dialogHighlighting tab. The marking of debugger breakpoint lines in the editor andtext in popups and dialogs is not user-configurable.
24.6.3. Startup and code execution¶
Upon startup with the -s option, IDLE will execute the file referenced bythe environment variables IDLESTARTUP or PYTHONSTARTUP.IDLE first checks for IDLESTARTUP; if IDLESTARTUP is present the filereferenced is run. If IDLESTARTUP is not present, IDLE checks forPYTHONSTARTUP. Files referenced by these environment variables areconvenient places to store functions that are used frequently from the IDLEshell, or for executing import statements to import common modules.
In addition, Tk also loads a startup file if it is present. Note that theTk file is loaded unconditionally. This additional file is .Idle.py and islooked for in the user’s home directory. Statements in this file will beexecuted in the Tk namespace, so this file is not useful for importingfunctions to be used from IDLE’s Python shell.
24.6.3.1. Command line usage¶
If there are arguments:
If
-,-c, orris used, all arguments are placed insys.argv[1:...]andsys.argv[0]is set to','-c',or'-r'. No editor window is opened, even if that is the defaultset in the Options dialog.Otherwise, arguments are files opened for editing and
sys.argvreflects the arguments passed to IDLE itself.
24.6.3.2. IDLE-console differences¶
As much as possible, the result of executing Python code with IDLE is thesame as executing the same code in a console window. However, the differentinterface and operation occasionally affect visible results. For instance,sys.modules starts with more entries.
IDLE also replaces sys.stdin, sys.stdout, and sys.stderr withobjects that get input from and send output to the Shell window.When this window has the focus, it controls the keyboard and screen.This is normally transparent, but functions that directly access the keyboardand screen will not work. If sys is reset with reload(sys),IDLE’s changes are lost and things like input, raw_input, andprint will not work correctly.
With IDLE’s Shell, one enters, edits, and recalls complete statements.Some consoles only work with a single physical line at a time. IDLE usesexec to run each statement. As a result, '__builtins__' is alwaysdefined for each statement.
24.6.3.3. Running without a subprocess¶
By default, IDLE executes user code in a separate subprocess via a socket,which uses the internal loopback interface. This connection is notexternally visible and no data is sent to or received from the Internet.If firewall software complains anyway, you can ignore it.
If the attempt to make the socket connection fails, Idle will notify you.Such failures are sometimes transient, but if persistent, the problemmay be either a firewall blocking the connection or misconfiguration ofa particular system. Until the problem is fixed, one can run Idle withthe -n command line switch.
If IDLE is started with the -n command line switch it will run in asingle process and will not create the subprocess which runs the RPCPython execution server. This can be useful if Python cannot createthe subprocess or the RPC socket interface on your platform. However,in this mode user code is not isolated from IDLE itself. Also, theenvironment is not restarted when Run/Run Module (F5) is selected. Ifyour code has been modified, you must reload() the affected modules andre-import any specific items (e.g. from foo import baz) if the changesare to take effect. For these reasons, it is preferable to run IDLEwith the default subprocess if at all possible.
24.6.4. Help and preferences¶
24.6.4.1. Additional help sources¶
IDLE includes a help menu entry called “Python Docs” that will open theextensive sources of help, including tutorials, available at docs.python.org.Selected URLs can be added or removed from the help menu at any time using theConfigure IDLE dialog. See the IDLE help option in the help menu of IDLE formore information.
24.6.4.2. Setting preferences¶
The font preferences, highlighting, keys, and general preferences can bechanged via Configure IDLE on the Option menu. Keys can be user defined;IDLE ships with four built-in key sets. In addition, a user can create acustom key set in the Configure IDLE dialog under the keys tab.
24.6.4.3. Extensions¶
IDLE contains an extension facility. Preferences for extensions can bechanged with Configure Extensions. See the beginning of config-extensions.defin the idlelib directory for further information. The default extensionsare currently:
FormatParagraph
AutoExpand
ZoomHeight
ScriptBinding
CallTips
ParenMatch
AutoComplete
CodeContext
RstripExtension